The detection principle of the ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) fluorescence detection swab is based on the bioluminescence principle of fireflies and mainly involves the following processes:

1. ATP Extraction

When the ATP fluorescence detection swab is used to wipe the surface of the sample to be tested, the swab collects microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, etc.) and potentially existing organic substances on the sample. The swab usually contains a special lysis solution. This lysis solution can disrupt the cell membranes and cell walls of microorganisms, releasing the ATP inside the cells. For example, when detecting whether there is microbial contamination on the surface of food processing equipment, after the swab wipes the equipment surface, the lysis solution causes the microbial cells to rupture, and the ATP within enters the detection system of the swab.

2. Luciferin – Luciferase Reaction

The released ATP reacts with luciferin and luciferase contained in the swab. Luciferase is a biocatalyst. In the presence of ATP, it can catalyze the oxidation reaction of luciferin. The reaction process is as follows:
Luciferin + ATP + O₂ → Oxyluciferin + AMP + PPi + Light
In simple terms, ATP provides energy for this reaction, oxidizing luciferin to oxyluciferin and generating photons (light) simultaneously. The intensity of the light generated is proportional to the content of ATP. Therefore, if there are more microorganisms or organic substances in the sample, more ATP will be released, and the intensity of the generated light will be stronger.

3. Fluorescence Detection

The detection swab is usually used in conjunction with a fluorescence detector. After fluorescence is generated in the reaction, the fluorescence detector measures the intensity of the fluorescence. The instrument converts the light signal into an electrical signal through devices such as photomultiplier tubes, and then amplifies and processes it. According to a pre – set standard curve or threshold, the detected fluorescence intensity is converted into corresponding indicators such as ATP concentration or the number of microorganisms. For example, if the detected fluorescence intensity exceeds the set threshold, it can be determined that the degree of microbial contamination on the surface of the test sample exceeds the acceptable range, indicating that measures such as cleaning or disinfection need to be taken.