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The sampling sites and sample types of sampling swabs for detecting different diseases are as follows:

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  1. Respiratory diseases:
    • Upper respiratory tract infections:
      • Viral infections such as the common cold and influenza:
        • Sampling sites: The nasopharynx and oropharynx are commonly used. When collecting a nasopharyngeal swab, the swab is inserted into the nasal cavity through the nostril, reaches the nasopharynx, is rotated several times, and then removed. For an oropharyngeal swab, the person being tested is asked to open their mouth and say “ah” to expose the oropharynx, and then the swab is used to wipe the back of the pharyngeal wall or the back side of the uvula by passing over the base of the tongue.
        • Sample types: Secretions and cells from the nasopharynx or oropharynx are collected.
      • Bacterial infections (such as streptococcal pharyngitis): The main sampling sites are also the oropharynx and nasopharynx. Secretions from these sites are obtained using swabs to detect the presence of bacteria such as streptococcus.
    • Lower respiratory tract infections (such as pneumonia and bronchitis):
      • Sampling sites: Sputum can be collected, either by spontaneous expectoration or using a sputum aspirator. For some patients with severe conditions or those unable to expectorate spontaneously, tracheal aspirate collection or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collection may be required. These operations usually need to be carried out in the hospital by professional doctors with the help of professional medical equipment and techniques.
      • Sample types: Sputum, tracheal aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, etc. contain secretions, cells, and microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract and can be used to detect the pathogens causing the infections, such as bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, and chlamydia.
  2. Genital tract diseases:
    • Female:
      • Inflammatory diseases such as vaginitis and cervicitis: The sampling sites are the vagina and cervix. For the collection of vaginal secretions, a vaginal swab is rotated inside the vagina to obtain them. For tests on the cervix, a cervical swab can be used to rotate and wipe the cervix orifice or the cervix surface to obtain cervical secretions or exfoliated cells.
      • Cervical cancer screening: Cervical epithelial cells are mainly collected using a cervical swab. A specific cervical brush is rotated at the transformation epithelium of the cervix to collect enough cell samples for cytological examination or HPV testing to screen for cervical cancer or precancerous lesions.
    • Male:
      • Diseases such as urethritis and prostatitis: For the detection of urethritis, a urethral swab is inserted into the urethra and gently rotated to wipe the secretions on the inner wall of the urethra. For the diagnosis of prostatitis, after massaging the prostate to make prostatic fluid overflow, a sterile swab can be used to collect the prostatic fluid sample.
      • Sexually transmitted diseases (such as gonorrhea and chlamydia infections): The main sampling site is the urethra. The swab is placed in the urethra, kept there for a while, and rotated to obtain urethral secretions to detect the presence of pathogens such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.
  3. Gastrointestinal diseases:
    • Intestinal infectious diseases (such as bacillary dysentery and enteritis):
      • Sampling sites: One is through a rectal swab, inserting the swab 4 – 5 cm (2 – 3 cm for children) into the anus and gently rotating to wipe the mucus on the surface of the rectum. The other is to collect fecal samples, selecting 2 – 3 grams of feces with pus and blood or mucus or 1 – 2 ml of liquid feces.
      • Sample types: The rectal swab obtains the secretions on the surface of the rectum, and the fecal samples contain substances, bacteria, and parasites in the intestine.
    • Inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease): In addition to collecting fecal samples for testing, in some cases, intestinal tissue biopsy may be required. Through colonoscopy, a colonoscopy swab is used to gently wipe the diseased part of the intestine to obtain intestinal mucosal cells and tissue samples.
  4. Oral diseases:
    • Oral inflammations (such as gingivitis and oral ulcers) and oral candidiasis infections: The sampling sites are the affected parts or the mucosal surfaces in the oral cavity. An oral swab is used to gently wipe the affected area or the oral mucosal surface to obtain secretions or exfoliated cells and other samples.
    • Oral cancer screening: Similar to cervical cancer screening, a special oral swab is used to scrape the parts in the oral cavity that may have lesions, such as the oral mucosa and gums, to collect cell samples for cytological examination or other relevant tests.
  5. Other diseases:
    • Mycoplasma and chlamydia infections: If it is a mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, specimens such as throat swabs and sputum may be collected. If it is a urogenital tract infection caused by mycoplasma genitalium, etc., urethral or vaginal swabs are collected.
    • Paternity testing and forensic identification: The sampling site is usually the oral cavity. An oral swab is used to collect oral mucosal cells, from which DNA is extracted for paternity testing or forensic identification.
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