Diagnosis of viral infections: For example, during the COVID – 19 pandemic, throat swabs and nasal swabs were widely used to collect samples from the nasopharynx or oropharynx of patients to detect whether they were infected with the COVID – 19 virus. Sampling swabs are also used for the diagnosis of infections caused by other respiratory viruses such as influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. By analyzing substances such as viral nucleic acids and antigens in the samples, it is determined whether patients are infected with the corresponding viruses.
Detection of bacterial infections: They can be used to collect samples from the throat to detect whether there are bacterial infections such as streptococcus and staphylococcus, assisting in the diagnosis of diseases such as suppurative tonsillitis and acute pharyngitis.
Detection of genital tract diseases:
Diagnosis of infectious diseases: Gynecological sampling swabs are used to collect cell samples from the vagina, cervix and other parts of women to detect infections of bacteria (such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, etc.), fungi (such as Candida albicans, etc.) and viruses (such as human papillomavirus, etc.), helping doctors diagnose diseases such as vaginitis, cervicitis and condyloma acuminata. For men, special swabs can also be used to collect secretions or exfoliated cells from the genital tract such as the urethra to detect infections of relevant pathogens.
Cancer screening: In cervical cancer screening, cell samples collected by cervical swabs can be used for cytological examination to detect whether there are abnormal changes in cells, which is helpful for the early detection of cervical cancer or precancerous lesions. In addition, samples collected by sampling swabs also have important reference value for the screening of other genital tract cancers such as vaginal cancer.
Detection of gastrointestinal diseases:
Disease diagnosis: Rectal sampling swabs can collect feces, mucus and other samples from the rectal area for detecting intestinal infections, such as bacterial infections (such as dysentery and enteritis caused by Shigella and Salmonella), parasitic infections (such as roundworms and tapeworms), and inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease).
Treatment monitoring: For patients undergoing treatment for gastrointestinal diseases, regularly using rectal sampling swabs to collect samples can monitor the treatment effect and help doctors adjust the treatment plan in a timely manner.
Paternity testing and forensic identification:
Paternity testing: Sampling swabs can collect samples such as oral cells and blood, from which DNA is extracted for paternity testing to determine the paternity relationship. This method is relatively simple, non – invasive and causes less harm to the person being sampled.
Forensic identification: In the forensic field, they can be used to collect biological samples at crime scenes, such as saliva, semen, dandruff, etc. By analyzing information such as DNA in these samples, evidence is provided for solving cases.
Detection and monitoring of other diseases:
Detection of oral diseases: Oral mucosal cells or saliva samples are collected to detect the presence of oral inflammation, oral ulcers and other diseases, and to evaluate the composition and changes of the oral microbial community.
Disease monitoring and epidemiological investigation: In the field of public health, sampling swabs can be used for large – scale disease monitoring and epidemiological investigations. For example, samples of the population are collected to understand the prevalence of a certain disease in a specific area or specific population, providing a basis for disease prevention and control.
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