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What are the types of sampling swabs?

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  1. Classified by sampling site:
    • Throat swabs: Mainly used for collecting samples from the throat, including nasopharyngeal swabs and oropharyngeal swabs. Nasopharyngeal swabs involve inserting the sampling tool into the nasal cavity to collect specimens from the nasopharynx. They have a relatively high pathogen detection rate, but the operation is more complicated and some people may not adapt well to it. Oropharyngeal swabs collect specimens from the oropharynx through the mouth. They are quick to collect and easy to perform, but they can be more irritating to the oropharyngeal mucosa during sampling, possibly causing reactions such as coughing, nausea, or even vomiting in the person being sampled.
    • Nasal swabs: Used for collecting samples from the nasal cavity, including common nasal cavity swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs (collected from the nasopharynx), and middle turbinate swabs, etc. Nasal swab sampling is relatively convenient and can be used even for people with narrow nasal passages, with relatively higher patient acceptance.
    • Anal swabs: Insert the sampling swab 2 – 3 centimeters into the anus to collect specimens, or wipe around the anal folds for sampling. They are mainly used for screening parasitic infections and were also used for COVID – 19 detection during the COVID – 19 pandemic, which can improve the detection rate of virus – infected people to a certain extent.
    • Oral swabs: Used for collecting samples from the oral cavity and can be used for oral disease detection, genetic testing, etc.
    • Cervical swabs (vaginal swabs): Mainly used for collecting samples from the cervix or vagina of women and can be used for human papillomavirus (HPV) nucleic acid detection, etc., assisting in clinical judgment of the risk and type of disease of the examinee.
  2. Classified by material:
    • Cotton swabs: They are relatively inexpensive, but cotton fibers may adsorb some samples, affecting subsequent testing and analysis. They are commonly used for collecting vaginal, cervical, and urethral specimens for mycoplasma testing, but are not very suitable for collecting specimens for bacteria (especially fastidious bacteria) and chlamydia testing.
    • Polyester and nylon swabs: They have good sampling effects for virus and bacteria specimens and are suitable for collecting specimens for virology tests.
    • Flocking swabs: Made of nylon fibers through a proprietary spraying technique, their fibers are like a soft brush, which can effectively improve the collection of cell samples. The capillary action between the fibers forms a strong hydraulic pressure, allowing for a large amount of sample to be captured. At the same time, the sample adheres closely to the surface of the swab and is easy to elute. They are widely used for sampling respiratory viruses, sampling specimens for fungal culture, and various laboratory tests.
    • Calcium alginate swabs: They can be used for collecting nasopharyngeal swabs for chlamydia and Bordetella pertussis, but are not suitable for sampling lipid – enveloped viruses and for cell culture, nor for sampling Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Ureaplasma urealyticum.
  3. Classified by use:
    • Virus sampling swabs: Specially used for collecting virus samples, with good effects on virus collection and transportation, ensuring the activity and integrity of viruses for subsequent testing and analysis.
    • Bacteria sampling swabs: Used for collecting bacteria samples for bacteria culturing, identification, and drug susceptibility testing, etc.
    • DNA sampling swabs: Used for collecting samples from tissues such as blood and epidermis for DNA tests. Their materials and designs can effectively avoid the mixing of other impurities, ensuring the accuracy of DNA test results.
    • Aseptic cell sampling swabs: Mainly used for collecting cell samples for cell culturing, analysis, and diagnosis, etc.
    • Laboratory test sampling swabs: Used for various laboratory tests. They require swabs with high quality and purity, being able to collect sufficient target analytes and having no specimen residue to speed up the specimen processing process.
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