It is one of the most basic glassware in the laboratory, mainly used for chemical reactions involving small amounts of reagents. For example, in qualitative analytical chemistry experiments, it can be used for testing ion reactions. By adding different reagents into the test tube and observing phenomena such as color changes, precipitation formation or gas generation, the types of ions can be determined. For instance, when testing for chloride ions, adding silver nitrate solution to the solution in the test tube, if a white precipitate is formed and the precipitate does not dissolve in dilute nitric acid, it proves that chloride ions are present in the solution.
It is also used for the temporary storage of samples. In biological experiments, it can be used to store small amounts of cell culture media, microbial samples, etc.
Characteristics:
It is generally cylindrical in shape and has different specifications. Common ones include 10mm×75mm, 13mm×100mm, etc. The volume size can be selected according to experimental requirements. The mouth of the test tube is usually round, which is convenient for adding and pouring reagents.
Beaker
Uses:
It is used for the preparation of solutions. In chemical experiments, solid reagents and solvents are mixed in a beaker according to a certain proportion, and then stirred to make them fully dissolved to obtain the required solution. For example, when preparing a sodium chloride solution, put sodium chloride solid into a beaker, add an appropriate amount of distilled water, and stir with a glass rod until it is completely dissolved.
It can be used to heat solutions. Due to its large bottom area, it can be heated evenly and is suitable for heating on an asbestos net with an alcohol lamp or an electric furnace. In organic chemistry experiments, it is used to heat reaction mixtures. For example, in the experiment of synthesizing ethyl acetate, the mixture of ethanol, acetic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid is heated and reacted in a beaker.
The mixing of solutions is also an important use of beakers. In chemical analysis experiments, different solutions are mixed in beakers for subsequent reactions or tests.
Characteristics:
Its shape is generally cylindrical with a flat bottom. It has multiple capacity specifications, such as 50mL, 100mL, 250mL, 500mL, 1000mL, etc., to meet the operation needs of solutions with different volumes. The rim of the beaker is lipped, which is convenient for pouring solutions.
Volumetric Flask
Uses:
It is mainly used for accurately preparing solutions with a certain volume and concentration. It is an essential glassware in chemical quantitative analysis experiments. For example, when preparing a standard sodium hydroxide solution, accurately weigh a certain mass of sodium hydroxide solid, dissolve it in a small beaker, transfer it to a volumetric flask, and then dilute it to the calibration mark with distilled water to obtain a sodium hydroxide solution with an accurate concentration. Such accurately prepared solutions can be used in acid-base titration and other experiments as standard solutions to determine the concentration of unknown solutions.
Characteristics:
It is a flat-bottomed glass bottle with a narrow neck and a pear-shaped body. There is a calibration mark on the neck. The volumetric flask has high precision and has multiple capacity specifications, such as 25mL, 50mL, 100mL, 250mL, 500mL, 1000mL, etc. The stopper is usually a ground glass stopper with good sealing performance, which can prevent the volatilization and deterioration of the solution.
Pipette and Graduated Pipette
Uses:
The pipette is used to accurately transfer a certain volume of liquid. In experiments that require precise measurement of liquids, such as drug analysis experiments, a certain amount of solution is accurately sucked from one container and transferred to another container. For example, in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, a pipette is used to accurately suck a certain volume of sample solution and inject it into the injector of the chromatograph.
The graduated pipette can not only accurately transfer a fixed volume of liquid but also read different volumes of liquid through the scale. In chemical experiments, different volumes of reagents can be sucked according to experimental requirements. For example, when preparing a series of solutions with different concentrations, a graduated pipette is used to suck different volumes of standard solutions for dilution.
Characteristics:
The pipette is usually a slender glass tube with an enlarged bulb in the middle and a calibration mark at the upper end. It has multiple capacity specifications, such as 1mL, 2mL, 5mL, 10mL, etc. The graduated pipette is similar in shape to the pipette, but there are more precise scales on the tube wall, and it can accurately measure different volumes of liquid. For example, small volumes of liquid such as 0.1mL and 0.2mL can also be accurately sucked.
Erlenmeyer Flask
Uses:
In chemical experiments, it is widely used for titration reactions. Its shape can prevent the liquid from splashing out during the shaking process. Therefore, in acid-base titration experiments, the solution to be titrated is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask, and the standard solution is added drop by drop through a burette while constantly shaking the Erlenmeyer flask to make the reaction proceed fully until the titration endpoint is reached.
It is also used for some chemical reactions that require heating under reflux. In organic synthesis experiments, the reaction mixture is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask, and a reflux device is installed. The reaction is carried out under heating conditions, and the vapor generated by the reaction is cooled by the condenser and then refluxed back into the flask to improve the conversion rate of the reaction.
It can be used as a reaction vessel for some reactions that produce gas. Due to its relatively small mouth, it can reduce the escape of gas and is conducive to collecting and observing the gas generated by the reaction.
Characteristics:
It has a triangular conical shape with a round bottom and a relatively slender neck. It has different capacity specifications, such as 50mL, 100mL, 250mL, etc., to adapt to experiments of different scales. The body of the flask is generally relatively thick and can withstand certain temperature changes and pressures.
Separatory Funnel
Uses:
It is mainly used to separate immiscible liquid mixtures. In chemical experiments, for example, to separate bromine from a carbon tetrachloride solution containing bromine, the solution can be poured into a separatory funnel. After standing still and layering, the lower carbon tetrachloride solution (containing bromine) is discharged from the lower opening of the separatory funnel, and the upper aqueous solution is poured out from the upper opening.
It plays a key role in extraction experiments. For example, when using an organic solvent to extract a solute from an aqueous solution, the solution and the extracting agent are added to the separatory funnel, shaken to transfer the solute to the extracting agent, and then allowed to stand still and layer to achieve the separation and enrichment of the solute.
Characteristics:
It has a spherical or pear-shaped main body with a ground glass stopper and a piston. The piston can control the outflow of liquid, and its sealing performance is good, which can prevent liquid leakage. The separatory funnel has different capacity specifications, such as 50mL, 100mL, 250mL, etc., to meet the separation needs of liquids with different volumes.
Dropper
Uses:
It is used for sucking and dropping small amounts of liquid. In chemical experiments, reagents are added drop by drop to test tubes or other containers to control the reaction rate or observe reaction phenomena. For example, in precipitation reactions, a precipitating agent is added drop by drop with a dropper to observe the formation process of the precipitate. In biological experiments, it can be used to add small amounts of reagents, such as nutrients or stains, to cell or microbial samples in petri dishes.
Characteristics:
It is generally composed of a glass dropper and a rubber teat. The glass tube part of the dropper is relatively slender and can accurately control the volume of the dropped liquid. The rubber teat is soft and convenient for squeezing to suck liquid.
Watch Glass
Uses:
It is mainly used to cover containers such as beakers and evaporating dishes to prevent dust and other impurities from falling into the containers. In chemical experiments, when a solution is being evaporated in an evaporating dish, covering it with a watch glass can reduce the evaporation rate of the solvent and avoid the entry of impurities.
It can be used as a simple reaction vessel for reactions between small amounts of solids and liquids. For example, when observing the reaction phenomena of small granular solids and small amounts of liquids, the solids and liquids are placed in a watch glass for the reaction, which is convenient for observation.
It can be used as a temporary placement container when weighing solid reagents. Solid reagents are placed on a watch glass for accurate weighing on a balance.
Characteristics:
It is a shallow dish-shaped glassware, usually round, with the edge slightly turned up. Watch glasses have different sizes, and the diameter size can be selected according to experimental requirements, such as 45mm, 60mm, 75mm, etc.
Evaporating Dish
Uses:
It is used for the evaporation and concentration of solutions. In chemical experiments, when it is necessary to obtain solutes from solutions, the solutions are poured into evaporating dishes and heated to evaporate the solvent, and the solutes gradually precipitate out. For example, when obtaining sodium chloride solid from a sodium chloride solution, the solution is heated and evaporated in an evaporating dish until the water is completely evaporated to obtain sodium chloride solid.
It can also be used for high-temperature calcination of small amounts of solids. In some qualitative analysis experiments, certain solid substances are calcined to observe their changes at high temperatures, such as color changes and whether they decompose, in order to determine the composition of the substances.
Characteristics:
Evaporating dishes are generally made of ceramic or glass materials and are in the shape of a shallow dish with a round or flat bottom. They have different capacity specifications, such as 30mL, 60mL, 100mL, etc. The bottom is relatively thick and can withstand a certain high temperature, and has good heat conduction performance, which is conducive to the rapid evaporation of solutions.
Petri Dish
Uses:
In microbiology experiments, it is the main container for culturing microorganisms. Pour the culture medium containing microorganisms into a petri dish, inoculate microorganisms after solidification, and then culture them under suitable temperature, humidity and gas environments to make the microorganisms grow and reproduce. For example, when detecting the microbial content in food, the food sample is diluted and inoculated on the agar medium in a petri dish. After culturing, the number of microorganisms is determined by counting the colonies.
In cell biology experiments, it is also used for cell culture. However, the surface of the cell culture dish is usually specially treated and is more suitable for the adherent growth of cells.
Characteristics:
It is generally a round glass or plastic vessel, consisting of a bottom and a lid. It has various diameter specifications, such as 35mm, 60mm, 90mm, etc. The bottom of the petri dish is relatively flat, which is convenient for observing the growth of microorganisms or cells. The lid can prevent the contamination of external microorganisms and maintain the internal humidity and gas environment at the same time.
Cuvette
Uses:
It is mainly used in optical analysis experiments such as spectrophotometry. Put the solution containing the substance to be measured into a cuvette, and then put the cuvette into a spectrophotometer. By measuring the degree of absorption of light with a specific wavelength by the solution, the content of the substance can be determined. For example, when determining the concentration of a certain metal ion in a solution, according to the reaction of the metal ion with a specific reagent to form a colored compound, the absorbance is measured with a cuvette in a spectrophotometer, and then the concentration of the ion is calculated according to the standard curve.
Characteristics:
A cuvette is generally a cuboid-shaped glass container with two parallel light-transmitting surfaces. Its material has high requirements for light transmittance to ensure accurate optical measurements. Cuvettes have different optical path lengths, such as 1cm, 2cm, etc. Different optical paths are suitable for measuring solutions in different concentration ranges. The longer the optical path, the more sensitive it is to the measurement of low-concentration solutions.
Graduated Cylinder
Uses:
It is used to measure a certain volume of liquid. In experiments, when the precision requirement for the volume of liquid is not particularly high, a graduated cylinder is used for measurement. For example, when preparing general chemical reagent solutions, the volume of the solvent is measured with a graduated cylinder. It can quickly read the approximate volume of the liquid, which is convenient for experimental operations.
Characteristics:
A graduated cylinder is a straight cylindrical glassware with scales on the wall. It has multiple capacity specifications, such as 10mL, 50mL, 100mL, 250mL, 500mL, etc. The precision of the scale is relatively low because it is mainly used for roughly measuring liquids.
Glass Rod
Uses:
In chemical experiments, it is used to stir solutions. When preparing solutions, conducting chemical reactions or dissolving solid reagents, stirring with a glass rod can make the solid dissolve quickly or make the solutions mix evenly. For example, when preparing a sucrose solution, stir the mixture of sucrose and water with a glass rod to accelerate the dissolution of sucrose.
It is used for guiding the flow of liquid. When transferring liquid, one end of the glass rod is placed against the inner wall of the container, and the liquid flows slowly along the glass rod into another container to prevent the liquid from splashing out. For example, when transferring a solution from a beaker to a volumetric flask, a glass rod is used for guiding the flow.
It can also be used to dip a small amount of solution for pH testing and other operations. Dip a small amount of the solution to be tested with a glass rod, drop it on a pH test paper, and then compare it with the standard color card to determine the pH value of the solution.
Characteristics:
It is generally in the shape of a slender cylinder and is made of glass. Its length and thickness vary according to experimental requirements. Usually, the length is about 10 – 30cm, and the diameter is about 3 – 6mm. The glass rod is hard and not easily corroded by chemical reagents.
Condenser
Uses:
In chemical experiments, it is mainly used for distillation and reflux operations. In distillation experiments, the liquid in the distilling flask is heated and vaporized, and the vapor is cooled and condensed into a liquid when passing through the condenser, and then collected in a receiver, thus realizing the separation and purification of the liquid. In reflux experiments, the vapor generated by the reaction mixture during the heating process is cooled by the condenser and then refluxed back into the reaction container, so that the reaction can continue and the conversion rate of the reaction can be improved.
According to experimental requirements, different types of condensers (such as straight condensers, spherical condensers, serpentine condensers) have different uses. The straight condenser is suitable for the distillation of liquids with lower boiling points; the spherical condenser, due to its larger cooling area, is suitable for the reflux of liquids with higher boiling points; the serpentine condenser has the best cooling effect but is relatively difficult to clean and is often used in some experiments with high cooling requirements.
Characteristics:
A condenser is generally a long tubular instrument made of glass, with a hollow channel inside. It has two interfaces, one for connecting the vapor source (such as a distilling flask), and the other for connecting the receiver or the reflux container. Its outer layer usually has a jacket for cooling medium (such as water), and the temperature of the vapor is reduced by circulating the cooling medium to make it condense.
Distilling Flask
Uses:
It is the core container for distillation experiments. In distillation operations, the liquid to be distilled is placed in a distilling flask, heated to vaporize the liquid, and then the vapor enters the condenser for cooling and condensation. For example, when purifying ethanol from an ethanol solution containing impurities, the ethanol solution is placed in a distilling flask and heated for distillation, and the fractions within the appropriate boiling point range are collected to obtain ethanol with higher purity.
It can also be used for some chemical reactions that need to be carried out under heating conditions, especially reactions that produce gas. Its neck is relatively thin, which can reduce the splashing of liquid and the escape of gas.
Characteristics:
Its shape is generally a round-bottomed flask with a slender neck, and there is a side opening on the neck for connecting the condenser. It has multiple capacity specifications, such as 50mL, 100mL, 250mL, etc., to meet the distillation needs of liquids with different volumes. The bottom is round and can be heated evenly, which is conducive to the vaporization of the liquid.
Round-Bottom Flask
Uses:
It is used as a reaction vessel for chemical reactions that require heating. Since its bottom is round, it can be heated evenly during heating and avoid local overheating. In organic chemistry experiments, it is often used for synthesis reactions. For example, in the experiment of preparing aspirin, the reactants are placed in a round-bottomed flask and reacted under the conditions of heating and stirring.
It can be used for some experiments that need to be carried out in a closed system. By installing appropriate stoppers and glass instruments (such as condensers, thermometers, etc.), a closed reaction system can be constructed to conduct gas reactions or experiments that require
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